This article attempts to explain the Japanese foreign policy in the Middle East between 1904-1998. This policy is characterized by its steadiness and continuity and is based on resource diplomacy. The article deals with the effects of the oil and Gulf crises on the Japanese Middle East policy. Also, it explains external, social and bureaucratic factors that affect Japan’s decision-makers on foreign policy issues. Japan’s two major foreign policy tools - official development assistance (ODA) and trade – are examined in the context of its Middle East policy. In conclusion, the Japan - Middle East relations have not been changed even if there have been major changes in international system, regional politics and internal affairs of the countries in the last century.